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John Vink - MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). 8/11/2003: Shan State checkpoint. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). 8/11/2003: Shan State checkpoint.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Farmer selling opium at the market for 151$/kg. The price tends to fluctuate according to the season, a freshly harvested opium fetching less. After the fall of the Taliban in afghanistan, Burma became again only the second opium producer with between 50- and 70000 ha (against 15- to 20000 ha in Laos). - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Farmer selling opium at the market for 151$/kg. The price tends to fluctuate according to the season, a freshl...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Herbal medicine vendor smoking water pipe at market. Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just a few years after UNODC brought electricity to the area. An old airstrip from the American Flying Tigers supporting the Kuomintang troops who fled the communist takeover in China lies nearby. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Herbal medicine vendor smoking water pipe at market. Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just ...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Wa soldiers of the UWSA on a shopping (and boozing) spree at the market. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Wa soldiers of the UWSA on a shopping (and boozing) spree at the market.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just a few years after UNODC brought electricity to the area. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just a few years after UNODC brought electricity to the a

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Bus bringing villagers back home on market day. UNODC ran an HIV-AIDS awareness program here. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Bus bringing villagers back home on market day. UNODC ran an HIV-AIDS awareness program here.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Man suffering from a malaria crisis at screening center set up each market day by Malteser, a German NGO. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Man suffering from a malaria crisis at screening center set up each market day by Malteser, a German NGO.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just a few years after UNODC brought electricity to the area. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 9/11/2003: Mong Pawk grew from a few shacks to a small town in just a few years after UNODC brought electricity to the a

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Entrtance of the village. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Entrtance of the village.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Animist signs. Although mostly animist, the ethnic minorities also count Buddhist and Catholics. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Animist signs. Although mostly animist, the ethnic minorities also count Buddhist and Catholics.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Inside a Buddhist pagoda. Although mostly animist, the ethnic minoritis also count Buddhist and Catholics. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Inside a Buddhist pagoda. Although mostly animist, the ethnic minoritis also count Buddhist and Catholics.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003: - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pa Laung (Wa State). 10/11/2003:

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a year. Their main concern is that the newly irrigated land will not be occupied by Chinese immigrants. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a y

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a year. Their main concern is that the newly irrigated land will not be occupied by Chinese immigrants. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a y

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a year. Their main concern is that the newly irrigated land will not be occupied by Chinese immigrants. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a y

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Threshing the rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several crops of rice a year. Their main concern is that the newly irrigated land will not be occupied by Chinese immigrants. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Kar (Wa State). 10/11/2003: Threshing the rice harvest in paddy fields. UNODC has built irrigation canals in the area allowing several cro

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Thai. (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Lahu village at an altitude of 1030 m. School built by UNODC. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Thai. (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Lahu village at an altitude of 1030 m. School built by UNODC.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Thai. (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Lahu village at an altitude of 1030 m. Carrying rice bags from the field to the village. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Thai. (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Lahu village at an altitude of 1030 m. Carrying rice bags from the field to the village.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Newly planted poppy field. Harvest is at the end of february. It takes 10 kg of opium to produce 1 kg of heroin. 96% of those growing poppy cannot make ends meet if they have to stop growing it. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Newly planted poppy field. Harvest is at the end of february. It takes 10 kg of opium to produce 1 kg of hero

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Sickle used to harvest rice and animist sign at house entrance supposed to ward evil spirits. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Sickle used to harvest rice and animist sign at house entrance supposed to ward evil spirits.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - BURMA. Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Reception committee for foreign visitors. - John Vink

BURMA. Huei Than (Wa State). 11/11/2003: Reception committee for foreign visitors.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin, is about 4%. 364 patients have been treated here so far. Relapse is about 40%. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin,

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin, is about 4%. 364 patients have been treated here so far. Relapse is about 40%. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin,

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Wa State. 10/11/2003: Due to intensive deforestation to fulfill the needs of the Chinese market, big parts of the Wa State hills have been depleted of their pine trees. Only bushes remain. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Wa State. 10/11/2003: Due to intensive deforestation to fulfill the needs of the Chinese market, big parts of the Wa State hills have been depl

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin, is about 4%. 364 patients have been treated here so far. Relapse is about 40%. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin,

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Small exhibition of drug paraphernalia at detox center built by UNODC. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Small exhibition of drug paraphernalia at detox center built by UNODC.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Drug museum in recently built and pink-coloured building. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Drug museum in recently built and pink-coloured building.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Police officer. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Police officer.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: The city boomed a few years ago when lots of casinos and nightclubs were built, catering one-day tourists from nearby China. Since a couple of years business is lower because Chinese authorities put pressure on Wa administration. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: The city boomed a few years ago when lots of casinos and nightclubs were built, catering one-day tourists fr

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Official visit at pharmaceutical factory producing sodium chloryde, glucose and 75% spirit. Mr Zhao Aingup (right), chief of External Relations at Central Committe of Wa State. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Official visit at pharmaceutical factory producing sodium chloryde, glucose and 75% spirit. Mr Zhao Aingup (ri

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Golden Triangle cigarette factory. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Golden Triangle cigarette factory.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin, is about 4%. 364 patients have been treated here so far. Relapse is about 40%. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Detox center built by UNODC. It can hold 36 patients at a time. Addiction to opium, and sometimes to heroin,

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai border. The casino is open 24 h. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai bord

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 18/11/2003: Selling flower offerings near pagoda. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 18/11/2003: Selling flower offerings near pagoda.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Yong Yuan's casino, open 24h. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Yong Yuan's casino, open 24h.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mon Penh (Wa State). 14/11/2003: UWSA soldiers on exercise. Some are barely 13 yrs. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mon Penh (Wa State). 14/11/2003: UWSA soldiers on exercise. Some are barely 13 yrs.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Official visit at pharmaceutical factory producing sodium chloryde, glucose and 75% spirit. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Official visit at pharmaceutical factory producing sodium chloryde, glucose and 75% spirit.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier students in their shack near Yong Yuan's casino. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier students in their shack near Yong Yuan's casino.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Stuffed wildcats and various bodyparts of wildlife for sale, aimed at one-day tourists from China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Stuffed wildcats and various bodyparts of wildlife for sale, aimed at one-day tourists from China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Restaurant selling a large array of wildlife (snakes, owls, pangulin, bear paws, wildcat meat etc..) to one-day Chinese tourists. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Restaurant selling a large array of wildlife (snakes, owls, pangulin, bear paws, wildcat meat etc..) to one-

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Yong He rubber plantation. The company invested 20 million Yuan (30% by the Central Wa Committee) and planted 1 million trees. It plans to expand the plantation to 120000 Ha. Many Chinese investors on the other side of the border have stopped production of rubber due to environmental problems. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Yong He rubber plantation. The company invested 20 million Yuan (30% by the Central Wa Committee) and planted ...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Khan Gau (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Villagers included in the the Yong He rubber plantation project. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Khan Gau (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Villagers included in the the Yong He rubber plantation project.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Mr Zhao Aingup (front), chief of External Relations at Central Committe of Wa State, Mr Larry Jagan, BBC reporter, Steve Hirsch, National Journal reporter, and local newsmen, during briefing at rubber plantation. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Mr Zhao Aingup (front), chief of External Relations at Central Committe of Wa State, Mr Larry Jagan, BBC report

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Pig stall at Hung Bang alcohol factory. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Pig stall at Hung Bang alcohol factory.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. Formerly they grew rice and opium on the same 20000 Ha of land. The company planted 1 million trees and plans to expand the plantation to 120000 Ha. Many Chinese investors on the other side of the border have stopped production of rubber due to environmental problems. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. For...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. Formerly they grew rice and opium on the same 20000 Ha of land. The company planted 1 million trees and plans to expand the plantation to 120000 Ha. Many Chinese investors on the other side of the border have stopped production of rubber due to environmental problems. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. For...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Nam Leuk (Wa State). 14/11/2003: Wa State checkpoint. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Nam Leuk (Wa State). 14/11/2003: Wa State checkpoint.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Golden Triangle cigarette factory. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Golden Triangle cigarette factory.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Wedding. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Wedding.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003:

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Mr Li Ziru, vice chairman of Wa Central Committee (chairman is Bao Yuxiang). - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Mr Li Ziru, vice chairman of Wa Central Committee (chairman is Bao Yuxiang).

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 17/11/2003: National MANA NGO providing HIV/AIDS information to rickshaw drivers at Peace and Development Council Pasun Daung township. HIV/AIDS prevention programs are just starting in Burma. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS is fairly high among drug users. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 17/11/2003: National MANA NGO providing HIV/AIDS information to rickshaw drivers at Peace and Development Council Pasun Daung

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 17/11/2003: National MANA NGO providing HIV/AIDS information to rickshaw drivers at Peace and Development Council Pasun Daung township. HIV/AIDS prevention programs are just starting in Burma. Prevalence of HIV/AIDS is fairly high among drug users. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yangon (Rangoon). 17/11/2003: National MANA NGO providing HIV/AIDS information to rickshaw drivers at Peace and Development Council Pasun Daung

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa Region). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa Region). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: The city boomed a few years ago when lots of casinos and nightclubs were built, catering one-day tourists from nearby China. Since a couple of years business is lower because Chinese authorities put pressure on Wa administration. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: The city boomed a few years ago when lots of casinos and nightclubs were built, catering one-day tourists fr

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: One of two bears held at Yong He rubber plantation's headquarters. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: One of two bears held at Yong He rubber plantation's headquarters.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai border. The casino is open 24 h. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai bord

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Restaurant selling a large array of wildlife (snakes, owls, pangulin, bear paws, wildcat meat etc..) to one-day Chinese tourists. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Restaurant selling a large array of wildlife (snakes, owls, pangulin, bear paws, wildcat meat etc..) to one-

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Nightclub. Private lounges and

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Nightclub. Private lounges and "hostesses" are on the first floor. A hotel nearby offers "freshly arrived vi

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Roller skating monks at recreation center near Yong Yuan's casino.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Mr Li Ziru, vice chairman of Wa Central Committee (chairman is Bao Yuxiang). - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Mr Li Ziru, vice chairman of Wa Central Committee (chairman is Bao Yuxiang).

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 13/11/2003: Croupier school adjacent to Yong Yuan's casino. Nearly all the students are Chinese.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Small casino for people visiting the market. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Small casino for people visiting the market.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. Formerly they grew rice and opium on the same 20000 Ha of land. The company planted 1 million trees and plans to expand the plantation to 120000 Ha. Many Chinese investors on the other side of the border have stopped production of rubber due to environmental problems. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Yong He (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Schools set up by the management of the Yong He rubber plantation for the people working on the plantation. For...

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Locals providing entertainment to one-day Chinese tourists at border checkpoint with China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai border. The casino is open 24 h. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Pang San (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Casino belonging to Chinese citizen Mr Yong Yuan. He owns at least one other casino on the Cambodian-Thai bord

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Small casino for people visiting the market. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Small casino for people visiting the market.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Stuffed wildcats and various bodyparts of wildlife for sale, aimed at one-day tourists from China. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 14/11/2003: Stuffed wildcats and various bodyparts of wildlife for sale, aimed at one-day tourists from China.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - EMBARGO ON THIS PICTURE: ONLY USE OUTSIDE UNODC CONTEXT MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Opium addict. - John Vink

EMBARGO ON THIS PICTURE: ONLY USE OUTSIDE UNODC CONTEXT MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Pawk (Wa State). 12/11/2003: Opium addict.

MYANMAR. Opium substitution in Wa State. 2003 - MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Slaughtered porcupine for sale to one-day Chinese tourists at central market. - John Vink

MYANMAR (BURMA). Mong Lar (Shan State). 15/11/2003: Slaughtered porcupine for sale to one-day Chinese tourists at central market.

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